Question One

I started off researching my hypothesis by looking into audience theories. Finding the meanings for these theories such as the hypodermic syringe theory and two step flow pointed me in the direction of the Culmination theory. The theory suggested that the extended viewing of violent media influences the viewer and desensitizes them, this linked in with films glamourising crime as it suggests that glamourising crime will influence the viewer to commit it.

I used the www.Google.co.uk search engine to look for results on the culmination theory. I think that Google is a very strong source for research, it is fast, accurate and easy to use.  916,000 results where shown the first of which led me to an article on the theory (www.northallatoncoll.org.uk/media/audiences.htm written by Steve Baker, Titled The Audience as Mass Accessed 06/11/08) which give me a more in depth view on the theory stating "No one media text will have any great effect on the viewer, years and years of watching violence may desensatise you to it". I then went searching for any articles or storys of events related to this theory. From my own knowledge I knew that the film "A Clockwork Orange" had incidents that related to the film. Using again the Google search engine I entered clockwork orange banned?" and 96,000 results where shown. This led to an article www.thefilmroom.org on some reasons the film was banned in 1973 stating that "throughout 72 and 73 police linked several cases to the film that had been committed by teenagers. one of the culprits in a particular case admitted to reading the book which was enough proof for the public to slate Kubricks work. I found out that it was actually the director himself who withdrew the film due to fear for his familys safety. I think the source for this information was very useful and reliable as the information was taken from Steve Baker who is well known in the media industry. The information was strong and useful.

I also attended a lecture (Lecturer:Kristaa Van Raalt Title:Media Audience:Media Effects Attended 28/11/08) about audience theories. This gave me alot of information and opened my eyes passive and active audiences.

It was then I decided to have a more in depth research into these crimes. I searched "crime related to clockwork orange" and I got 71,000 results and on the second results I found an newspaper article (www.theindependant.co.uk/news/uk/crime/clockwork-orange-gang-found-guilty-of-kiling-bar-manager-519576.html Title:"Clockwork Orange" gang found guilty of killing bar manager Author:Arifa Akbar Published:15/12/05 Acessed 11/11/08). I read this article and found out that in 2005 a group of teenager beat a bar manager to death on a "happy slapping" spree which they recorded on their mobile phone. It was the statement that the girl who was recording the beating asked the victim to smile to the camera" that reminded me most of the arrogant fashion in which the gang in the film committed violence. Even though this may not be a direct influence this a great example of a culmination theorists opinion on how the media effects people. I evaluated this source coming to the conclusion that although I believed it to be a reliable source, I know that at that time there where a lot of happy slapping cases that were happening and a few that just went way to far. So this mean that the gang where in know way influenced by violence in film but however influenced by what was happening at the time with happy slapping being the latest "craze". 

The strengths of this source was that the writer of the articles main area of focus was arts, which includes film, books and magazine so is a lot more reliable than any old journalist writing the report as they have an understanding of the film. Therefor for them to link that to CWO must have some purpose. The weaknesses however of this report are that the information could be exaggerated slightly to exploit the ever concerning factor of teenage violence. Also some of the opinions in the report may have been fueled by hate and disgust. This crime again intrigued me to dig deeper. On the second page of the search i found a sight titled "The Clockwork Orange Files" (www.tabula-rasa.info/horror/clockworkorangefiles.html Author:David Carrol Accessed: 12/11/08) 

This lead me to an article about a boy of the age 16 who beat a tramp to death. This intrigued me as there is a scene almost identical to this crime in the film. The boy openly admitted to the murder and told the court that his friends had told him about the film "and the beating up of an old boy like this one". It is stated in the article that "The link between the crime and sensational literature, particularly A Clockwork Orange, is established between reasonable doubt. It is very hard to see how it was not the film that has influenced the boy to commit this crime. And it was at this point that i thought that the explanation of this crime could not have been purely the culmination theory so I decided to look at other reasons that people may have been committing these crimes. The boy may have had a history of violence that was not stated in the article or he may have just been trying to gain sympathy and trying to say it wasnt all his fault. And it was when I started to research the theory of past events and sympathy votes I found another article of a boy that strangled and stabbed his best friend to death on the same site. He told the court that the whole reason he did was because of extended viewing of the film. The media may be emphasizing this for something to blame. I think the strengths of this source are that the crimes are directly linked to the film in many ways. However they are still articles and are open to the writers emphasis. Another weaknesses is that the articles are quite out dated. It was at this point in my research i felt like i was straying off from my focus task which was crime. It was then that i started to look into Guy Ritchies work as my films that im researching are all Ritchies work.

I searched Guy Ritchie glamourising crime into google and found a newspaper article about Lord Attenbrough commenting on Ritchies work (www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1371292/lord-attenborough-hits-out-at-films-glamourising-violence.html). Attenbrough is slating Ritchies work saying he has "Succumbed to the pornography of violence." Many of Lord Attenbroughs comments where backed up by the chief of metropolitan police. Both arguing that violence is effecting people especially that of the younger generation. It was here i started to question the reasons it would be influencing them as it could not possibly just the viewing of the text its self. I got an idea that it may be something to do with the actors playing the characters or the role certain characters play in the film, something along them lines. The main reason for this was the character in "Snatch" Mickey the one punch machine gun. The gypsy bare knuckle boxing champion. The main reason i began to think of this was because the first time i watched the scene in which Mickey knocks out the big brut Gorgeous George i was wowed. So my next point of interest was "Is the way organised crime is portrayed in these films influencing people to commit them?"

After evaluating the Attenbrough source, i began to investigate my next hypothesis. I found an article in (Media Magazine named "Cencorship. How strict should it be?" Author:Stephen Hill Published:04/08 Accessed:25/11/08). It was hear I gained some views from specialists in the media industry that would change my investigation. It was at this point, reading this article that my focus of influence moved from the text to the person viewing it. The writer of the article stated " Graphic depictions of brutal crimes that invite the audience to confront their own humanity; neither Stone nor Kubrick is celebrating these atrocities, but asking the reader to question their own response" I had never thought about this. He is basically saying that it is not the director trying to portray this behaviour as ok, but asking the viewer to see what they think. This links into the information picked up from the lecture on passive and active audience. Both would take in different things from watching these scenes. The passive audience are likely to just sit and absorb the violence not taking any real interest in what is happening where as the active audience will question what they are seeing, is this right? etc. The average joe would think that most of these scenes where terrible etc. This statement linked in with a statement talking about how the Director can never have full controlon how the audience will perceive their work. Later on in the article there is a small section on how violence is portrayed and wether this has an effect. The fact that crime and violence are "highly stylised" and in some cases surrounded may have an effect on how people are perceiving it. This is what i decided to look into next. The example they used in the article was the scene from a Tarantino (whos often critisised for glamourising crime and violence with comedy) production pulp fiction where a man gets his head blown off in the back of a car and at the time it seems funny due to how the scene is directed etc. I found this very interesting as many of Ritchies films are often like this. This is why i went on to research a new idea. "Is violence that is surrounded by humor easier to watch?" I planned to do this through primary research in which I would get a focus group to watch 2 different scenes containing strong violence. The first without any humor elements and the second with elements of humor, I would then the group to fill out a questionnaire on which the thought was stronger.

Before I done this I tried to come up with some ideas on why the scenes seem funny. This is due to the fact that many of the scenes are made funny not by the directors ideas but how the actor portrays his or her character. It was here that I began to look into a common factor of Ritchies gangster films, the "lovable rogue". Straight away i found articles concerning the matter (www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/reviews.php?film_id=14630 RocknRolla Author:Val Kermode Accessed:02/12/08). With these criminals being quick witted, and handsome most of the time sporting humorous nick names they are very appealing especially to the younger generation. Especially with actors such as Brad Pitt playing the roles. However the director cleverly involves scenes of great despair for these characters which even though they are fighting, theiving, conn artists makes you sympathise with them. Everyone of Ritchies Gangster films has one, Snatch: Micky, Lock Stock: Soap, Bacon, Tom, RocknRolla: OneTwo, Mumbles etc. After doing some textual analysis I realised that it is not only the character and story line that makes the audience empathise with the rogues but the camera work and cinematics too. For example on RocknRolla when OneTwo is being chased by the Russian war criminals its all in slow motion and emphasising his distress.

I also looked into the Catharsis theory at the same time as this (www.bookrags.com/research/catharsis-theory-and-media-effects-eci-01 Catharsis theory and media effects Accessed:10/12/08) as an interesting point was raised by a teacher in my college. After looking into this further i discovered and concluded that the Catharsis theory in terms of Media is false. It is a highly plausible in other areas such as sport etc, but I do not agree that watching violent media acts as a release for negative, aggressive feelings. Which will benefit the conclusion of my hypothesis.

FORGET CATHARSIS!

Firstly i would like to remind everyone that the word Catharsis originated from the Greek word Katharsis...

When reviewing an article on www.bookrags.com some interesting points were raised on the theory of Catharsis. 

The Catharsis theory indicates that the viewing of violence helps a person channel their own aggression and get rid of negative thoughts etc. This would suggest that if a person is feeling aggressive or angry then they can play a violent computer game or watch a violent film to get rid of this feeling. 

However the majority of points raised in the article are against the idea of this as am I. The idea of Catharsis is opposed by the ideas of the Culmination theory. This would say that the more violence you see the more aggressive you become. In the article some say "I think its a kind of purifying experience to see violence" however some go against "It is time to put a bullet, once and for all through the heart of the catharsis hypothesis. the belief that observing violence gets rid of hostilities has virtually never been supported by research" which the stats do prove.

The writer of the article very cleverly links the culmination theory to smoking to oppose the Catharsis hypothesis. Stating "Not everyone who smokes getst lung cancer, and not everyone who gets lung cancer is a smoker. But even the tabacco industry agrees that smoking causes lung cancer. Smoking is not the only factor that causes lung cancer but it is an important factor. Similarly not everone who watches violent media becomes aggressive, and not everyone who is aggressive watches violent media. Watching violent media is not the only factor that causes aggression, but it is an important factor" which i agree with. Again comparing violent media effects to smoking the article reads "Like a first cigarette the first violent movie can make a person nauseous. Later however, one craves more and more. The effects of smoking and viewing violence are both cumulative.

The catharsis theory is highly plausible but it is false. The statistics show that this does not decrease aggression. This leads me on step further to answering my hypothesis.

Hypothesis (1st Draft)

Due to many people arguing that certain media texts such as films that include violence and crime are influencing people to commit crimes and violence there has been much debate about the glamourisation of crime in film. I have looked at one directors work in particular Guy Ritchie with his block buster films such as Snatch, Lock Stock and Two Smoking Barrells and Rock n Rolla. 

Lord Attenborough who is an influential figure in the British film industry, argues that "Violence on screen is mych worse than sex. It makes us lose the capacity to be shocked or moved. I dont want to be guilty of this and if that means i make films that some people find boring then so be it." This was backed up by the Cheif of Metrapolitan Police saying "Violence in films is influencing young people." This statement would back up the hypodermic syringe theory, however this theory is almost obsolete as it is from the 60's and is seen as a very primitive way to look at things as we know that people are not as simple as that. The Chief also said, "the people commiting these crimes are viscous, nasty thugs not glamourised films stars and if youd seen the concequences of violence like i have then you would not glamourise it." however not everyone has seen what he has so they would in no way share the same argument. The opposite to this view would be "if you had gained as much success as me from glamourising violence and crime in films then you might think twice censoring the violence.

I believe that the Cheif is being so black and white about the situation that he would even look into any other oppinion on the argument. Although a more update theory the culmination theory would suggest that it is a bad idea as extended viewing of this type of text desentisises people to it and eventually begins to influence the viewer.

However the case of the 16 year old boy beating a tramp to death would back this up due to the fact that the boy blamed the scene from "A Clockwork Orange" for his actions. It may not be as simple as that however, the Jamie Bulger case seemed as simple as that as the media blamed their actions on the film "Chucky" but when they looked into it more the boys had a really disturbing childhood which was likely to have had more of an effect on their actions than the film.

This would backup Stephen Hills article in Media Magazine titled "Censorship how strict should it be?" where he states "Graphic depictions of brutal crimes invite audiences to question their own humanity" he aso goes onto say that the Directors of these films are not celebrating these crimes but simply asking the viewer to "question their own response". This was again backed up in a University lecture i attended by Krista Van Raal who talked about how different audiences perceive what they are seeing in different ways. These audiences theories are passive and active. Most of the critisism directed at this type of film suggest that audiences are all passive and just sit soaking up what they are seeing like a sponge and not questioning what is right or wrong. However i know that this is not true as many people, or most people are Active viewers.

This type of viewer will question and contemplate what they are seeing. This is then broken down into 3 subcategories for what the audience takes from the film. They can take the dominant message which is what the Director wants them to think. The oppositional message which is the opposite or the negotiated where they think i see what the Director is saying but i disagree or vice versa.  And i think that the majority of viewers are likely to think "I can understand why the Director is glamourising this crime and violence to sell his films but i still think that it is wrong."

This links in with Stephen Hills article again when he says "On the other hand no director ever has full control over how the representation of violence will be received by the audience" so although the director will have a preferred message different audiences will take different points from the film. 

The way the text is perceived also links in with how the text is portrayed. In Guy Ritchies films a common characteristic that surrounds constant crime and violence is comedy. Some may argue that violence surrounded by humor has a softened impact on the viewer. This is a way in which the director can appeal to many different audience for one film. A perfect example of this is in Ritchies film "Lock Stock" when Vinnie Jones is beating someone up when his phone rings and he answers with a subtle, commical "Bonjour". This instantly lightens the mood to a scene that should be shocking and gruesome. 

From my point of view i see this from the dominant view. I am seeing that the director intends me to to find the scenes funny even though someone is being put through serious pain. However I, in no way intend to go beat anyone up.

Another argument i have came across is on how the characters are portrayed and that this effects the viewer more than the violence itself. Ritchies films are full of what the media call "Lovable Rogues" with names like "One Two" and "Turkish". I think that it is the characters that appeal to the audience more than the violence and crime, my argument is backed up on a website called www.eyeforfilm.co.uk when a review on his latest film "Rock n Rolla" which states, "Ritchie seems to have realised what his public really want, so why not give us more? More fast paced, fast edited action set in a London full of lovable rouges with names like, mumbles, one two and tank." I think the bes example of this is Brad Pitts character in Snatch, Micky "the one punch machine gun" O'Neil. The pikey bare nuckle boxing champion. Due to the actor playing this role what would normally be an gruesome, ugly gypsy is turned into a rougishly handsome, toned bodied hard man with a charming Irish accent. I think many people would love to have "the one punch machine gun" on the end of there name. This is my view again that the characters in the films are more appealing than the cirme or violence.

The Lovable Rouge ;) ...

When i have been researching for crime being glamourised in film and articles on this matter, a point that has been raised is on the topic of...

THE LOVABLE ROUGE!

This is the concept of how again criminals are portrayed in film to make the audience somehow admire them or think they are cool. I know from my own point of view that this is case in many films as im sure like me, there are many people whod love to have the "the one punch machine gun" stuck on the end of their name to impress the lads...or lasses!

On www.eyeforfilm.co.uk the review on Richies lagtest film states what Richies fans love, 

"Ritchie seems to have realised what his public really want, so why not give us more? More fast paced, fast edited action set in a London full of lovable rogue gangsters with names like Mumbles, One Two and Tank, a plot full of scams and double crossing and a sexy, chain smoking accountant."

Which is true, but does this mean that glamourised crime is appealing to the general public as a means of influence or just as a means of pleasurable viewing. In one way you could argue that glamourising crime is wrong and that it will influence people who watch it, but you could also argue that a normal person would not be influenced to commit crime and that they are just watching because they want to watch a good film.

Anyway back to the lovable rouge...

Guy Ritchie films always have one,

Lock Stock: 

Jason Flemyngs - Tom

Dexter Fletcher - Soap

Nick Moran- Eddie

Jason Statham - Bacon

Snatch: Mickey "The One Punch Machine Gun" O'Neil

Rock n Rolla: The Wild Bunch

Gerard Butler - One Two

Idris Elba - Mumbles

Tom Hardy - Handsome Bob

Toby Keddell - Jonny "Rockstar" Quid

These characters throughout the films are always finding themselves in tricky, danegrous situations that realistically they should not be able to get out of with out getting seriously hurt or maybe killed. But this threat is erased or hidden may be a better word by the humor surrounding it again going back to desensitisation through humor. This is what makes these rogues so lovable. 

Ritchie chooses his actors carefully, most of these "Lovable Rogues" will not be the ugliest men youv ever seen a perfect example of this being Brad Pitt in Snatch. The fine tuned pikey bare knuckle boxing KO machine is instantly admired with his chipper irish accent and scruffily handsome looks. Does this distract some viewers, especially female viewers away from the story and whats going on and just focusing on his greased up six pack?... maybe!

Other examples of these handsome rogues are Gerard Butler and Jason Statham.

Also another thing that makes these rogues likeable is there misfortune.

Even though these people are scavangers, low lives and thieves that would more often than not be frowned upon, the things that happend to them in these films makes the viewer sympathise with them.

A great example of this is Micky in Snatch (Brad Pitt)

This guy is a thieveing, fighting conn artist. Through hospitalising the Turkishes (Jason Statham) boxer he gets dragged into fighting for Turkish in an underground boxing match. The match is rigged for Micky to go down in the 4th round. Now Micky could just knock the guy out first punch but due to the high stakes and people involved and the fact that hes doing the fight to get a new caravan for his mum means he has to let the guy smash his face in for 3 and a bit rounds. In the end his pride takes over and he KO's the guy.

In return the gangsters involved set his mums caravan on fire... with her in it.

A highly emotional scene created with a bit of slow motion and a well played fake cry from Brad Pitt instantly makes you sympathise. The audience now wants him to have his revenge.

So does this mean that the events in the film influence the audience in the way that they now think that he should have his revenge by killing the gangsters? 

Which in respect is totally wrong, however in the context of the film does not seem quite the same. Which it isnt and this is the main point of crime films.

The material in them is fictional! And most viewers understand this and would never dream of thinking like this outside the context of the film. So when films are getting slated from the media for influencing people to commit crime this is not necessarily  true. Most people would leave that viewing or finish watching the film thinking either that was good or that was bad not ok im going to go out and try rob 7,000,000 of an unknown person.

This puts me more toward the side that is against these articles saying that films are glamourising crime and in turn influencing people. Yes they maybe glamourising crime but i do not think that a normal person would be directly influenced by this. They maybe slightly influenced but then they could be influenced by something they seen in Eastenders the same night however no ones pointing the finger at Phil Mitchell for glamourising crime are they?

Source Evaluation

(Info below extracted form 2 seperate articles!)

Method of Research - Secondary

Type of Source - Popular Critisim

Title - "Censorship? How strict should it be?"/ "Drugs, Sex and Violence"

Author - Stephen Hill (Head of Media)/Ahlam Said (Film Student)

Location of Source - Media Magazine (April 2007/April 2008)

Main Points Raised:

• Should the films concerned have been censored for viewing purposes?
• These type of films do not either influence or not influence a viewer in such a black and white manner, but are asking the viewer to question their own humanity
• "neither Stone nor Kubrick are celebrating these atrocities but are asking the viewer to question there own response"
• The fact that the Director will never have control over how there film is perceived by the public.
• People will perceive events shown in films, such as crime and violence in different ways and therefor will be influenced in different ways
• A lot of films these days tend to stray from there subject matter to allow glamourisation, to fit into the hollywood mainstream expectations 
• Crime and violence in film can often be "Highly Stylised"
• Crime and Violence can often have a softened impact when surrounded by slap stick humor in films such as Snatch or Rock n Rolla

Strengths

• Written by someone with extended knowledge of modern and past media texts
• Other Article written by a film student also with extended knowledge of film
• In a well known media magazine
• Giving points from both sides of their argument
• Topics are related to my subject matter
• only written this year and last so it is not out dated

Weaknesses

• Many of the films concerned are older than the ones i am looking at
• 2 of the 3 films concerned are American productions and i am looking at British films
• Information was extracted from small parts of a much larger article so may be brief or watered down information

Summary

I think that the information i have gained from these 2 articles has been very useful and has helped move my research along just that little bit further. The points raised have helped me reflect on my views of the theories and reactions of our modern day society and also the main point that i found extremely interesting was that of the viewer questioning their own reaction. I agree with this outlook and intend to research it more with primary research.

CENSORSHIP! in Media Magazine

In the April 2008 edition of Media Magazine there was an investigation into "Censorship, how strict should it be?" By Stephen Hill, Head of Media at Burgate School and Sixth Form Centre in Fordingbridge, and also teaches at Bournemouth Media school. 

(Information taken from Media Magazine april2008 on 25/11/08)

In his article he looks at 3 films, A Clockwork Orange, Platoon and Freaks. None of these films are really in the same genre as the ones stated in my hypothesis, but some of the views Hill puts forward in his investigation are very interesting ways to look at the theories i have been studying such as the culmination theory.

VIOLENCE AND HOW IT IS PERCEIVED!!!

In this article Hill talks about wether some films that have been viewed in the past and caused controversy should have been censored for viewing purposes. 

However Hills take on how films effect the viewers is not as Black and White as most that i have come across, either saying that the film either does or does not influence the viewer. Hill suggests that these scenes in the films make us question our own humanity.

"Graphic depictions of brutal crimes that invite the audience to confront their own humanity; neither Stone nor Kubrick is celebrating these atrocities, but asking the reader to question their own response"

This would suggest that it isn't the films injecting the viewer with the idea to go out and copy the crimes they have just seen, or over time hardening them up to the point where they dont feel it is wrong anymore. This would suggest that the people who are influenced, or claim that they are influenced by these films to commit crimes similar to that of what they have viewed are inhuman in a sense. Which i agree with on some grounds, its not as black and white as some people such as Lord Attenbrough and the Chief of the Metropolitan Police suggest, but as they dont have an as in depth knowledge on the matter and the theories behind it they are not likely to be able to argue this case to any real sense.

However, a little further down the article Hill then states. 

"On the other hand no director ever has full control over how the representation of violence will be received by the audience"

Therefor he is looking at this from both sides of the spectrum, at first saying that the scenes are put there to make the audience question their own humanity and any one with regular morals would never dream of recreating such scenes or crimes, however he is now saying that the director never has control on how the audience view the crimes, or in particular the people committing these crimes. 

It is a well known fact that a lot of people look up to movie stars as their idols, therefor people who watch their favorite actor in this text are likely to thoroughly enjoy the performance and repeatedly view that particular film. I think what Hill is trying to say here is that different people will perceive these graphic events in different ways. Some will think that they are shocking, disturbing and unbearable to watch. Where as at the other end of the scale people will be thinking that these scenes are exhilarating and exciting. So exciting maybe that they are influenced by this feeling to go out and re enact it for themselves?...

This part also links in with the next point in the article, how many of these films, especially now are glamorized and exaggerated to fit the Hollywood characteristics they need to sell!

He uses "Platoon" as his example.

"Stones critical commentary of the Vietnam War is lost in pyrotechnics of his high budget film produced to mainstream Hollywood production values."

This links into my theory of "Is the way that organized crime in film is portrayed influencing people to commit these offenses?"

The way that some directors glamorize the characters in these films make them appealing to some audience, especially the younger generation. The gangsters in these hollywood films are portrayed as "Living the high life" which is very appealing to someone of easy influence. The characters in the films, very rarely get caught by the police, and if they do its toward the end of there spree. So this may influence certain people in an audience.

Another quote used in Hills article is "Highly Stylized" again talking about the way that the director portrays the characters in these types of films as a tight group of friends who enjoy committing these friends which comes out in the humor elements of these films which dampens the impact of the violence. This could be one of the explanations for the culmination theory. Its not that its just extended viewing of these scenes, its the WAY these scenes are viewed. When a director such as Tarrantino in Pulp Fiction shows a scene of a man having his head blown off in the back of a car by accident, but then scripts the actors to react to that situation in a comical manner it softens the blow of what has just been viewed.

I think this element of production and script writing has a massive effect on how viewers perceive what they have just seen and wether it shocks them or not. I do not however believe that if a film that was showing these scenes would be so easy to watch with out the slapstick humor.

On viewing this article it has opened my eyes to many different explanations for many things and has shown that the theories for these media texts such as the hypodermic syringe and the culmination theory are not as simple and black and white as they seem.

For this reason i am going to going to investigate a new theory.

"Is violence that is surrounded by humor easier to watch?"

I will do this using primary research using a questionnaire.

I will get a selection of people to first watch a scene of extreme violence followed by this humor element, and then ask them to view a scene of similar intensity which is not followed by the humor element and get there views via my questionnaire.

Source Elavuation

Method Of Research: Secondary

Type Of Source: Popular Critisism

Title: Lord Attenbrough hits out at films glamourising violence

Author: Oliver Poole, Jonathan Petre and David Bamber

Location of Source: www.telegraph.co.uk

Main Ponts Raised:

• Attenbrough is blaming films by Guy Ritchie for "Glamourising" crime
• Accusing Ritchie of glamourising crime to sell his films
• People saying the glorification of crime in film was influencing the behaviour of young people
• Accusing Ritchie of succumbing to the "Pornography of Violence"
• Saying that such films reduce your sensitivity to violence and crime in reality

Strengths: The strengths of this source are that it is directly related to my hypothesis. This is the type of info that will help me come to a conclusion on my argument. Another strength is that the person concerned (Lord Attenbrough) is a well respected member of the british film industry and is not just some average joe sharing his opinion. He has a wide knowledge of film and there for his opinion is one of value. There are other figures of a high status agreeing also such as Lord Puttman and Chief of the Metrapolitan Police.

Weaknesses: The weaknesses of this article are that the authors are not really film critics so dont have a real opinion of their own, apart from David Bamber who is a British actor, but is more involved in dramatic arts than Gangster Films. There for they are likely to have just received information and regurgitated it back into the article not having there own say on things, they may have even exaggerated it.

Evaluation: Overall i think that this source can be trusted and i think that it is a strong source to use. The fact that it is directly linked to my hypothesis is a bonus, but the information within is highly usefull giving me a portrait of what some people from the film industry think and how people who are seeing violence such as police are agreeing that the films are linking in with crime. 

Hypothesis: To what extent is crime glamourised in Guy Ritchies films, Rock n Rolla, Revolver and Snatch

Internet: 

www.theinderpendant.co.uk

www.thetelegraph.co.uk

www.tabula-rasa.info/horror

Magazine: Media Magazine (April 2008)

Theory:

"Does extended viewing of certain media texts such as crime films influence behavior?"

"Is the way that organised crimein film portrayed influencing people to commit these offences?"

Starting To Look Into Guy Ritchies Work...

On the 19th of June 2001 the Telegraph newspaper featured an article on Guy Ritchies newest piece of work which back then, was the film "Snatch" the sequal to his first hit "Lock Stock and Two Smoking Barrells". The article is focused on how Guy Ritchies films glamourise violence for commercial gain and profit. This is a perfect source for my hypothesis.

(In formation retrieved from www.telegraph.co.uk on the 19th of November 2008)

Lord Attenborough who is an influential figure in the British film industry provoked new controversy on the subject of FILMS GLAMOURISING CRIME AND VIOLENCE. Attenborough accused Ritchie of "succumbing to the pornography of violence." He also said that the only reason that he was putting violence in his films to make them sell. 

Attenborough was also backed by officers in the police force. The Chief of the Metropolitan Police stated "The people who commit these type of crimes are vicious, nasty thugs, not glamorous film stars. If you had seen the consequences of violence like i have you would not glamourise it". Attenborough backed up this statement saying "Violence on screen is much worse than sex. It makes us lose the capacity to be shocked or moved. I dont want to be guilty of that. And if it means that i make movies that some people find boring, then so be it".

This statement would back up the Cumlmination Theory which states that too much viewing of violent films hardens the sensitivity of people toward violence and crime.

Snatch was a sequal to the first big hit Lock Stock covering pretty much the same ground as the first on but equally as good. Both films are set in the East End of London and deal with a group of cartoonish villains carrying out acts of great brutallity interlaced with scenes of slapstick humor. The cast included Vinnie Jones a well renound harman from the football scene and Brad Pitt the American A list celebrity. The film was condemned by many critics as callous, cynical retread of his previous film.

The film includes constant bad language, violence and crime. Lord Puttman stated "Violence begets violence. It creates a casualised attitude to violence. It stirs people up"

And what i think he means by that statement that it "stirs people up" is that people start to loose the idea of what is right and what is wrong, which may well be the case. If people are continuously seeing people in these films commiting simple crimes, and acts of brutality and getting away with is without any trace of trouble then they may begin to think that they can perform the same crimes in the same way and get away with it forgetting that the film is still a fictional story.

Leading Police Officers said that "Violence in film was influencing young people". As the culmination theory is a more generic theory that just states the people who watch these films over a long period of time will be influenced by the characteristics and behavior of characters in the film then this could well be happening with Guy Ritchies film. They may not be committing crimes like that of the film but the violence in the film may be influencing them to fight.

I think this will lead me to my next argument for my hypothesis.

"Is the way that organised crime in film portrayed influencing people to commit these offences?"

Death Of The Tramp...

When i typed in Clockwork Orange Crime into the Google search bar it came up with 347,000 matches. Most of which where useless information on the film and sites on which you could buy it however one sight gave me some very useful information on some an incident that happened after the release of the film involving a boy of 16 years old.

(The following information was taken from www.tabula-rasa.info/horror/clockworkorangefiles on the 12th Nov)

A boy aged 16 from Bletchley, Buckinghamshire was sentenced to be detained under her majestys pleasure for murder. He had pleaded guilty for committing the crime of beating an elderly tramp to death. The only money the tramp, Mr David McManus, aged 60 had was 1 and a half pence which was not there when the body was searched.

The boy openly admitted to the murder and told the court that his friends had told him about the film "and the beating up of an old boy like this one".

A Mr Roger Gray for the defence stated "The link between the crime and sensational literature, particularly A Clockwork Orange, is established between and reasonable doubt".

This however is not likely to be the culmination theory but more the hypodermic syringe theory of seeing something and then wanting to do it.

HOWEVER!

This could just be an excuse, or coincidence. The boy may have had a history of violence that is not stated in the report and may have just attacked this person because they where helpless and unlikely to have family that cared or people who knew who he was to draw attention to him being missing. 

Some times the media try to find excuses for human behavior by blaming it on the media texts such as ACO and other violent films to take the blame away from society. And some people who are mentally unstable may try to blame their actions on something else other than themselves to ease their guilty conscience or to gain sympathy on their sentence.

There was an example of this that happened a few years after the film was released. In 1990 a teenager stabbed and strangled a friend to death and tried to blame his actions on repeated viewing of the film ACO. However it highly unlikely that a film is capable of making a teenager so psychotic that they would stab and strangle a friend to death. This is likely to be an act to try and gain sympathy to try and say its not all my fault. 

There for this could also be what is going on in the other case. The media may be looking for someone to blame and as the incident was similar to that of the one in the film they have jumped at the first chance to portray this person not as a normal human being that has committed a savage crime but as someone under the influence of a film that they do now want to be aired.

Source Evaluation

WWW.THEINDEPENDENT.CO.UK

How reliable is this source ?

Method of Research: Secondary

Type of Source: Popular Criticism

Title and Author of the Source : "'Clockwork Orange' gang found guilty of killing bar                                                                                manager"-Arifa Akbar (Reporter for The Independent)

Location of Source : www.theindependent.co.uk (issued-Thursday 15th December 2005)

Main Points Raised : 

• Title - "Clockwork Orange gang found guilty of killing bar manager", straight away linking in to what im am looking for
• Gang of youths taking part in a random violence spree much like that of the characters in the film
• "savagely beaten to death by Clockwork Orange style thugs"
• "The court heard how the girl, now 15, then kicked Mr Morleys head like a football as he lay on the ground" no sensitivity to violence inflicted on others
• The other members of the gang tried to pin everything onto the girl much like the scene in the film where Alex is arrested and tries to blame his "Brothers"
• "It was because of her they did because she wanted to film it on the video phone - people being beaten up."
• "The attacks were carried out so they could be filmed on mobile phones and later played for the attackers pleasure - without thought or regard for the injuries and consequences for their victims." again little or no sensitivity to violence, Culmination Theory?
• "The court heard their actions mirrored those of the teenagers in Anthony Burgess novel Clockwork Orange who also used code words to signal violence"

Strengths

The strengths of this source are that the article was written by a reporter who's main focus for the paper is "Arts", this includes Film and Books so it is more reliable than someone who knows nothing of the film or novel and is comparing the crime to that of either. This means she will have a more indepth knowledge of the story and crimes and therefor is more likely not to relate to the story if it was totally irrelevant. Also the information in the report is easily understandable to why they have linked this event to the film.

Weaknesses

The weaknesses of this report however is that the information in the report due to the event may have been exaggerated or tweaked to make the event look a lot worse than it first appeared for many reasons. Such as to exploit they ever concerning factor of teenage violence etc. Some of the opinions in the report may have been fueled by hate and disgust. 

Evaluation

However i think this is a reliable source as i know that at the time that there where a lot of incidents of happy slapping and there where many serious injuries. I think that as a lot of the opinions and reports in the article are from officials such as police and the court that the information is reliable. The fact that the reporter is heavily involved in film and books makes the source a stronger more reliable view.

The Investigation

When i have looked at the internet for incidents of violence or crime that had been linked to a clockwork orange there was not much information on the subject. However i did find one incident that happened a lot more recently than i would have expected and was still linked to the film by authorities and the media.

The incident

(Info found on www.theindependant.co.uk on the 11th of Nov)

In 2005 a group of teenagers beat a bar manager to death on a "Happy Slapping" spree which they recorded on their mobile phone. The next extract is a straight copy from the site: "A teenage girl and three youths killed David Morley, 38, who had survived the Soho nail bomb blast of April 1999. He was savagely beaten to death by the Clockwork Orange-style thugs, the Old Bailey heard." This proves that even now that people are still linking gang violence to this film and still to this day suggesting that the film influences youths of today.

However the crime is, by what i have read was in the arrogant fashion that is seen a lot in the film. The report says that minutes before the attack the girl involved with the mobile phone held it to the mans face and told him they where doing a documentary on happy slapping and told him to "pose for the camera" which is much like the scene in the film in which a homeless person is beaten up.

Even though this is may not be a direct influence this is a great example of a culmination theorists opinion on how the media effects people especially the younger generation. They are not mentally unstable however there sensitively to violence is obviously very little and this maybe due to the fact that they have grown up around violence and watching violent films.

The gang had set upon 8 people in 5 different attacks on the same night.

The Culmination Theory

The culmination theory!!!

This is the first stage of my research into my hypothesis. This theory in a nutshell suggests that if a person is subjected to the viewing of many violent films over the years it could effect there view on violence making them less sensitive to the aspect and effects of it or maybe even make them a violent person.

IN DEPTH...

(Information retracted from www.northallertoncoll.org.uk on the 6th/Nov/2008 )

The culmination theory suggests that while no one media text while have no great effect on the viewer years and years of watching violence may make you less sensitive to violence in reality or years of watching women being miss-treated in soaps on T.V may make you less sensitive to the idea in reality. However the difficulty of this theory is that it is really difficult to prove and many people have tried to prove it in the past with no real success. Many people have a general sense that the media does in someway effect our behavior but it is extremely difficulty to determine to what extent it is effecting people. This however does not prove that there is no link between the two!

If this theory however was true it would mean that films such as Snatch and Rock 'n Rolla will influence the people who watched it particularly with the younger generation to commit crime as they may like the gangster lifestyle that is portrayed in the films.

Evidence?

In 1974 Stanley Kubricks film A Clockwork Orange was banned in Britain due to numerous cases of violence said to be linked to the film.

(Film Description taken from www.thefileroom.org 06/11/08)

The film based on a book of the same name, takes place in a future England and follows a teenaged gang leader who enjoys rape and ultraviolence. He volunteers for a rehabillitation programme which removes his desire for violence, but leaves him suicidal.

The British Board of Film had realeased an uncut version of the film rated X and immediately received a number of complaints that the film would damage society by inspiring teenagers to violence. Throughout 1972 and 73 police had linked several cases to the film that had been committed by teenagers. One of the culprits in a particular case admitted to reading the book which was enough proof for the public to slate Kubricks work. Stanley Kubrick then took it on himself to ban the film from being viewed.

It wasnt untill Stanley died that his family brought the film back out in 1999

This renowned action in film history would suggest that the culmination theory to extent is correct and that this text has effected them. However there are many things that would go against this theory.

Also these actions could fall under the Hyperdermic Syringe theory which is a more basic, monkey see monkey do theory where which people are seen to just copy what they see on screen.

 I will have to take a more in depth look into reprts on the crimes linked to the clockwork orange to see the truth.

Theories

audience representation social

hypodermic syringe 

according to the theory media is like a syringe injecting ideas into viewers heads allowing them not to make there own mind up

two step flow

whatever our experience of the media we will be likely to discuss with others and if we respect there opinion we can be effected by it. eg jamie olivers theory and crap school dinners more respected opinion leaders

culmintaion theory

any one media text does not have too much effect but years and years of watching more violence will make you less sensitive to violence

uses and gratifications

this suggests that when we watch some sort of media text it is not just mindless entertainment  we want some sort of gratification from it eg watching a violent film for excitement horror for being scared etc

reception analysis

individual people decode certain media texts in different ways eg some people wont be scared by a horror film and some people will

david morley nationwide study 1980

observation of how different social groups read the ame media text

he discovered three main types of reading a text 

david gauntlett tenthings wrong with effect theoris

theory.org.uk

representations 

society
stereotypes
realism
representations over time

Initial Idea

To what extent is crime glamourised? in the following Guy Ritchie films

 "RocknRolla", "Snatch" and "Revolver"

Today

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